Human Overpopulation And Its Effects On Coral Reefs

Throughout the world, coral reefs have died off due to a chemical process known as bleaching. NOAA states in â€Å"What is coral bleaching?†, bleaching is the by-product of corals getting too warm; when corals get too warm they expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues, which causes them to turn completely white. Today, the remaining coral reefs are being stressed by the human inhabitants who exist upon the land masses from which these reefs neighbor; which, in turn, has caused these remaining reefs to approach extinction. Moreover, coral reefs are underwater barrier islands, and if they become extinct, Florida and any other landmass protected by a reef shall face the full brunt of every storm that comes their way. However, at the†¦show more content†¦The Great Barrier Reef may contain over 134,286 square miles of marine wildlife, but its secondary purpose is to protect Australia from the killer cyclones that try to invade the country. According to Aliso n Jones and Ray Berkelmans, In December 2010, the highest recorded Queensland rainfall associated with Tropical Cyclone ‘Tasha’ caused flooding of the Fitzroy River in Queensland, Australia. A massive flood plume inundated coral reefs lying 12 km offshore of the Central Queensland coast near Yeppoon and caused 40–100% mortality to coral fringing many of the islands of Keppel Bay down to a depth of [approximately] 8 m. The severity of coral mortality was influenced by the level of exposure to low salinity seawater as a result of the reef’s distance from the flood plume†¦ There was no evidence in this study of mortality resulting from pollutants derived from the nearby Fitzroy Catchment... suggesting that during a major flood, the impact of low salinity on corals outweighs that of pollutants. Recovery of the reefs in Keppel Bay from the 2010/2011 Fitzroy River flood is likely to take 10–15 years basedShow MoreRelatedThe Great Barrier Reef Is Important1142 Words   |  5 Pa gesGreat Barrier Reef is one of the seven wonders around the world. It is approximately 344,400 kilometers long. The Great Barrier Reef is home to many marine organisms. More than 1,500 species of fish live in the Great Barrier Reef. The coral that forms The Great Barrier Reef is made of polyps. Billions of living coral polyps are attached to the reef. The colour of these polyps range from blue, green, purple, red and yellow. As the largest living structure on the planet, the Great Barrier Reef is incrediblyRead More The Damaging Impact of Overpopulation on the Environment Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesThe Damaging Impact of Overpopulation on the Environment 6.5 billion†¦This is not a whole lot of bacteria, but when it comes to humans, it is a very formidable number. The human population has been increasing at an extremely high rate in the last century and unfortunately, not much has been done to slow down this process. Undoubtedly, overpopulation is a global issue. It is global because it pertains to all of humanity, but global also means that it affects the whole world, i.e. the environmentRead MoreEffects Of Overpopulation On The Planet s Ecosystems2162 Words   |  9 Pagessuch as medications and vaccines have caused birth rates to surpass mortality rates resulting in overpopulation. According to Population Paradox, an academic article by Mairi Macleod, an evolutionary biologist,â€Å"It took until 1800 for our numbers to reach 1 billion. Now the human population exceeds 7 billion and is set to reach 10 billion by 2085† (Macleod). Overpopulation is having detrimental effects on the planet s ecosystems, which was discusse d in the provided stimulus, The Struggle To GovernRead MoreOverpopulation : Environmental And Social Problems3271 Words   |  14 Pageshas been a sustainable resource that humans have taken advantage of and been nourished by during evolution. Humans consider one of their main goals to reproduce and populate the Earth. As shown in the graph by World Bank , the world population as of 2013, is estimated to be over 7.1 billion. This is the result of exponential growth from previous years. This massive populations have effects on our resources, causes social problems, overcrowds areas, and effects other species. Earth is hitting theRead MoreNegative Effects of Overpopulation on the Environment2014 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Overconsumption and overpopulation underlie every environmental problem we face today† (â€Å"Population,† Internet). With the current statistics, Jacques could not be more accurate. Every second, 4.2 people are born and 1.8 people die, which would be a net gain of 2.4 people per second (â€Å"Population,† Internet). At this steady rate, the environmental health is spiraling downwards, and it is safe to assume humans are responsible for this. As the population increases, harmful effects on the land, water,Read MoreTaking a Look at Poaching796 Words   |  3 Pagesfor them. The Independent writes: â€Å"evident in the overfishing of sharks, the loss of an apex predator results in the overpopulation of smaller fish†¦Since coral reefs and other marine ecosystems are known to be some of the most diverse in the world, bearing far more delicate and complex food chains than those on land, the loss of one or two species has immediate and adverse effects on the entire ecosystem. Ultimately, as there is insufficient food to sustain the under-controlled and increasing populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sharks On The World s Ocean Without Those Sharks2057 Words   |  9 Pageswould happen in the world’s ocean without those sharks? The depopulation of sharks is increasing dramatically due to human impacts. If this continues, it will negatively impact all aspects of ocean life and environment (Ferretti et al, 2010). The depopulation of a creature so high on the aquatic food chain can lead to the overpopulation of other organisms, which causes a domino effect on all creatures i n the ocean. This could either rapidly increase or decrease their population, altering the food chainRead MoreThe Cause Of Loss Of Biodiversity1842 Words   |  8 Pagesbiomass; whereas today, with the exponential growth of humans, overpopulation, and overconsumption, humans and the animals we own (namely livestock) take up around ninety-eight percent of the Earth’s biomass. This increase in population has also shown to be detrimental to not only farm animal health, but also human health. According to the FAO, or Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, â€Å"sixty-six percent of the emerging diseases in humans have animal origins and one or two new diseasesRead MoreThe Human Of Endangered Species1309 Words   |  6 Pagessources credited for the existence on Earth. The environment has provided the human race and Earth with the essentials needed and more for survival. Both living and nonliving things play a role in continuing the constant cycle that keeps e verything maintained and in order. When something as small as a plant or as large as a bear is taken from the cycle of life, there are major effects that occur and bring negative problems. Humans are most likely the ones to blame for endangering these species. But globalRead MoreEssay on Human Population Destroys the Environment: Any Questions?1930 Words   |  8 Pagesresources to survive. In the anecdote by Cohen, the accountant tells the boy that he is able to choose the sum of one plus one which accounts in this case to the limits that humans have on the resources. One plus one in this case is also the ratio of the specific supply of each resource per human being which cannot be accounted for. Humans have the potential to act for themselves in knowing how to balance out their needs. Every person on planet Earth needs space and resources to survive but as the population

Variable Pay Plan Gain Sharing Free Essays

Employers are often faced with the challenge of looking for ways to boost productivity and profitability while at the same time, motivating employees to accomplish organizational goals. For many employers, variable pay plans have risen to meet this challenge. A variable pay plan ties pay increases to increased performance and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Variable Pay Plan: Gain Sharing or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the more popular group variable pay plans is called gain sharing. Under gain sharing pay programs, both the employer and the employee benefit from increased productivity. Therefore, gain sharing has often been referred to as a win-win pay program since it is an incentive strategy that ties pay to productivity. Gain sharing is a type of incentive plan designed to increase productivity by linking pay directly to specific improvements in a company†s performance. Gain sharing is used primarily when quantitative levels of production are important measures of business success. Gains are shared with unit/department employees on a monthly, quarterly, semiannual or annual basis according to some predetermined formula calculated on the value of gains of production over labor and other costs. The plan lets employees reap some of the rewards of their efforts through teamwork and cooperation and by working smarter and harder. Gain sharing plans offer the following:  · Directly ties pay to some important measure of company performance  · Results in productivity improvements when installed  · Appropriate for all groups of employees  · Improves communications and teamwork among employees  · Increases employee awareness of â€Å"the big picture†  · Improves job satisfaction and employee relations  · Increases employee participation through involvement in the system Gain sharing pay programs have the following disadvantages:  · Time consuming to design, implement and administer  · Requires employee orientation, education and training  · Accurate and timely production and cost data must be available  · If not already in place, gain sharing requires a shift to participative management and employee involvement Once you decide to add a gain sharing plan to your company you must pick the type of plan you wish to implement into your company. The following is a description of different types of plans a company could implement. A Value Added Plan is the cost of materials and services is subtracted from sales to determine a value added figure. Employee costs are then compared to this figure to arrive at a value added index. This index is compared to value added for future periods to determine if there has been an improvement in productivity. To the extent that employee costs are less than would be the case by applying a value added index to a value added, there is a productivity gain to be shared. A major challenge with this type of plan is removing the effects of automation from productivity gains. The Rucker Plan, essentially, this is a value added plan that contains special adjustments to account for base wage and other price changes, capital expenditures, and other costs unrelated to employee productivity. The Scanlon Plan is one of the more familiar gain sharing plans. It involves calculating total payroll costs and dividing by sales plus finished inventory figures to determine a plan ratio. Employee shares of productivity gains are determined by improvements of this ratio. The Improshare plan tells that increased productivity is determined by looking at the number of working hours that are saved in producing a number of finished units in a given period of time as compared to a base period. Its proponents stress that this measure leads to less waste and better quality control since only finished products are used in measuring the gains. The next is the Par Plan. This plan goes beyond other gain sharing plans by rewarding any successful effort to improve productivity. It does not single out gains solely from a productivity improvement standpoint. A â€Å"par† figure is determined based on all manufacturing costs compared to sales. Any improvement in this ratio determines the gain to be shared. The Gallway Plan gives employee incentives. The incentives under this plan are based solely on reduction in labor costs. The labor value of each product is determined and becomes a basis for determining the gain in productivity that is shared with employees. The first step in designing a gain sharing program is to determine what is to be accomplished by instituting a gain sharing plan. Is the objective to improve productivity? To reduce costs? To maintain or increase market share? Is the objective to improve organizational communication, employee relations or to promote employee participation in the organization? Is the objective to replace a compensation structure that no longer reinforces organizational goals such as improved product quality or customer service? The next stage is to determine how employees will be grouped under the program. Will employees be grouped by geographic location, product or service line, organizational group, payroll category or other employee characteristics? However the group is defined, it is important that it be self-contained and able to function as a â€Å"team. † The third step in developing a gain sharing plan is to determine what measures of performance are necessary to meet the stated objectives of the gain sharing plan. Measurements may be financial, operational or a combination of financial and operational. The fourth step in developing a gain sharing plan is to design the key elements of the program. Key issues at this stage include how do you measure productivity measures and award bonuses, handling variations in performance, and allocating or sharing the gains. After the plan has been developed and administrative issues addressed, the next step is to implement the plan and get employees actively involved in a team approach to performance improvement. This step might be accomplished by using formal or informal suggestion systems, quality circles, training sessions or set managed work groups with regular meetings. The final step after the plan is implemented is to ensure that it stays current with the development of the organization. During this phase of the process, a clear statement of plan documents outlining conditions under which the plan may be suspended, terminated or modified should be developed. How to cite Variable Pay Plan: Gain Sharing, Essay examples

Domestic Violence Essay Paper Example For Students

Domestic Violence Essay Paper DOmestic ViolenceDomestic violence isnt what we thought we would be carrying as a societal problem into the new Millennium. In fact, its an ancient problem that mere mention of it today as an ongoing crisis should really make our society embarrassed and oppressive. Only with the past decade is our society beginning to realize that weve overlooked the stringency of domestic violence. All along weve been viewing domestic violence as merely a moral and ethical dilemma, not an obligation. Weve convinced ourselves that it was a private family matter and not a criminal act. We have told ourselves that some women deserve it, or that they provoked it to happen. We excuse ourselves from the problem, into an uncomfortable but yet acceptable, part of our culture and convinced ourselves it was acceptable to look the other way. So while we were looking the other way, heres what has developed. Battering is the single major cause of injury to womenmore than injuries cause by muggings, rape, and car accidents combined. It is the second leading cause of death to women age twenty to forty-five (Some 1). Strangers perpetrate Twenty percent of violent crimes. More than half are committed by the persons partner (Some 1). Research has shown that 36 to 50 percent of American women will be abused in their lifetime. Women and girls sometimes abuse men and boys, but nine out of ten victims are girls or women (Shannon 1). Domestic violence is not only limited to women though, it has been leaking into high school and college relationships. It is now estimated that at least one out of three high school and college-aged youth experience abuse at some points in their relationships. It can range from a single episode to chronic abuse (Some 1). Even more teens will face verbal or emotional abuse during a relationship, and 10 t o 25 percent of girls between the ages of 15 and 24 will be the victims of rape or attempted rape (Teen 1). According to a 1999 survey conducted by the Massachusetts Department of Education, 18 percent of females in grades 9 through 12 reported being hurt physically or sexually by a date (Seeking 2). We use to see this problem as only belonging to families on the lowest of the socioeconomic ladder. Domestic abuse occurs across all economic, religious, racial and ethnic backgrounds. Women who are subjected to abuse need to understand that they are not the ones at fault. Guys who do this have serious issues. Things like this dont just come along. They are either learned or brought on by their own insecurities. When guys is using verbal put-downs, often the cause of it is due to insecurity brought on by things that have happened in their own lives. Women are often afraid to challenge them because they think it is normal and that it will eventually stop. The highs are very, very high. Some victims are willing to staying the relationship to experience those emotional highs (Roberts 2). Guys continue to use verbal put downs because there have been no consequence in the relationship because after a while women tend to think that it is normal and that it happens in every relationship at one point or another. One cause of domestic violence is social factor. Male dominance plays a major part in it. Also the fact that women are looked at with a negative attitude a lot of the time. Also it partially results in the fact that for a long time women were viewed as property of her husband. So he was able to do what ever he saw fit to do to keep his wife in line even if that meant beating her. Many people still view family violence as a private matter (Causes 1). Family history is the single most common characteristic in domestic violence (Causes 3). Family violence and health have always been a major health problem. Children that have been subjected to this as a child will more then likely be come an assaulter (Causes 3). Although these are associated with domestic violence, many abusers were not subjected to this who became abusers and many people who saw violence take place in their home and never became an abuser (Causes 5). Another origin of abuse is personal control. Abuse and violence work to maintain power and control over others (Causes 2). Violence is a learned behavior that is often reinforced by beliefs and socialization. The use of violence is reinforced every time it is used as an effective means of control (Causes 2). People have said that the abusers goal is often to control and dominate the victim. Many people feel that when substances are brought into a relationship, that the violence is more prevalent (Causes 4). Although in many cases there are probably not many abusers who arent abusing substances. Research in this field is not yet conclusive, but health professionals should recognize substance abuse as a risk factor for abuse, not an explanation (Causes 4). Evidence indicates that, while substance abuse and violent behavior frequently coexist, the violent behavior will not end unless interventions address the violence as well as the addiction(Causes 4). Although substance abuse is often a major factor in domestic violence it cannot yet be considered a cause of it. If a person is already a batterer, the violent behavior may increase with the abuse of substances, however, there are many alcohol and drug abusers who never batter their wives (Causes4). Social Rejection Essay PaperOne option is to teach our children at a young age that abuse does not make you a strong person. Jay S. Schachne founded the Kate Brown Fund in February of 2001 to attempt to help young people recognize and prevent dating/relationship violence (Seeking 1). To date, the fund has raised almost seventy thousand dollars, enough to hire two full time educators who will work in public and private schools raising awareness about the issue (Seeking 2). This program hopes to administer a ten-week prevention program at schools during health classes (Seeking 2). Another option is to have the abuser go to counseling sessions. In these sessions the abusers would learn how to control their anger and emotions. Our unswerving standards for all interventions for partner abusers are as follows: #61623; engage abusers in the first session to prevent all forms of retribution against victims, including subtle emotional abuse and blame #61623; instill zero tolerance for even the most subtle forms of abuse and blame#61623; motivate abusers to change by teaching the rewards of change based on compassion: unparalleled self-enhancement and self-empowerment#61623; illustrate the power of understanding and internally regulating ones own abusive impulse, as opposed to the utter powerlessness of blaming it on the victim#61623; transformation of the identity of abusers from victims, avengers, or batterers to compassionate moral agents#61623; supplement criminal justice sanctions and constraints by building internal inhibitions against all abusive behavior (human change processes require a combination of internal reward for pro-social behavior and external punishment for abuse) #61623; avoid replicating abusive dynamics through intolerance of disagreement and use of power and control tactics to win disputes or silence others, thereby reinforcing that the one with the most power and anger wins #61623; model responsibility and accountability by proving program effe ctiveness. Absolute safety and healing of victims is the primary goal. All abusers sign an oath to maintain zero tolerance for all forms of abuse, including accidentally hurting the feelings of all loved ones through failure to understand their perspectives. Failure of compassion is abuse. The reward of compassion is an enhanced sense of self. To ensure the safety of victims, we strongly advocate mandatory, on going, random-assignment comparison evaluation of intervention programs serving court-ordered clients in every community of the country. In the interest of victim safety, we seek comparison studies with treatment programs everywhere in the country (Wygoda). The engine of sexism and abuse is the compulsion to blame vulnerable emotions on others. The inability to sustain compassion for self and others causes not only failure and abuse of partners, but sexist and racist attitudes as well. Yet another option is to leave the relationship. Many women view this as the impossible way out but it is the best option to ensure their safety. Women shouldnt just stay in the relationship because they are afraid. There are always organizations that they can go to or they can always talk to a friend or a family member and set up a plan to help them get out. But with the good comes the bad. Just because theses are an option doesnt necessarily mean that they will be effective in the long run. Schools can have classes where they teach children and teenagers about the dangers of abusing a partner, but there is always the chance that the program could fail and we would have made no progress. Then just because the abusers go to counseling sessions doesnt mean that they will be able to stop the abuse totally. The program may work for little while, but if they have no healthy way of venting their anger then they might end up having the situation go back to the way the were or possible get even worse. Its almost unconscionable how passive and ignorant weve been about crimes of domestic abuse. But on the other hand we are also aggressively taking steps to right this wrong. The implications of domestic violence are forcing the medical community to address a whole new set of issues, from how to increase accurate diagnoses of abuse, how to counsel victims, and how to report injuries for criminal records. Also having abusers go to counseling sessions and having children learn early on in life the effects of abuse on their partner and themselves. When we think of domestic abuse let the image of CNN panning in on crime scene photos of Nicole Simpson come to mind. Let us think that these women arent just mere strangers. These women could be your mother, daughter, or sister. Domestic violence is not just a physical act. It is an act that falls into several categories, intimidation, threats, and economic depravation, sexual and emotional abuse. A bruise may last a few days, but the emotional scars are forever etched into the minds of the innocent women and children. Let us think of them when we think to keep a familys dirty little secret.

Wilfred Owen Poetry analysis Essay Example For Students

Wilfred Owen Poetry analysis Essay Owens poetry on war can be described as a passionate expression of Owens outrage over the horrors of war and pity for the young soldiers sacrificed in it. His poetry Is dramatic and memorable, whether describing shame and sorrow, such as In The Last Laugh, or his description of the unseen psychological consequences of war detailed In The Next War and Anthem for Doomed Youth. His diverse use of instantly understandable technique Is what makes him the most memorable of the war poets. His poetry evokes more than simple disgust and sympathy from the reader; issues previously unconsidered are brought to our attention. The conscription of young men to battle during WWW was typically celebrated. Committed soldiers were glorified as heroes of the national cause. In Britain, churchmen Justified such human sacrifice in the name of war, by claiming God was on Britains side. Religious services and anthems were sung, praising the patriotic departure of troops even though it culminated In great human loss. We will write a custom essay on Wilfred Owen Poetry analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Owens poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth, criticizes Britains actions and their ignorant exaltation of them. Owen Ironically undermines the concept of an anthem by emphasizing that there Is nothing to celebrate but Doomed Youth. This refers to the young men having their lives brutally cut short. Owen establishes the theme of his sonnet with the rhetorical question What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? This refers to the inhumane slaughter of soldiers, shifting the audiences vision of an honorable and pride-worthy death to the unprecedented and shameful mass killings of the Great War. Throughout the poem, Owen juxtaposes the musical quality of an anthem with the harsh sounds of war. This concept is first raised at the end of the first quatrain with the noisy onomatopoeia of the rifles rapid rattle. The use of he adjective rapid and the assonance on a quickens the pace and indicates the fashion In which the dead are buried in war. Similarly to the aforementioned poem, The Next War Is a sarcastic poem presenting a soldiers fatalistic recognition that In battle, death Is his chum. This poem was written at the same time as Anthem For Doomed Youth, allowing it a different approach on a common idea. In the poem, Owen personifies death as to relate it the men, and their acceptance and ability to tolerate its rude behavior. In the octave of the sonnet, Owen takes the audience to the Western Front, Out there, and describes he strange behavior which their extraordinary situation excites: We walked quite friendly up to death. Owen shows how the confining circumstances of battle overturn the ordinary conviction of life. This is depicted differently that of Anthem For Doomed Youth. The audience is not directly asked to think of the soldiers as cattle doomed to slaughter, but rather the environment they endure and the likelihood of death Just as real. Onomatopoeia and personification are used to show the bullets, shells and shrapnel that death spits and coughs at men. Readers concise that death Is not glorious and that the real enemies are those who orchestrated the soldiers daily meetings with it. Corollary of war. This is shown by the mockery of the sound of personified weapons laughing at soldiers dying in battle. The poem bitterly portrays the inhumane, death- bringing instruments of war having the last laugh. Three different but familiar cries of dying soldiers are listed. The first soldier calls on Jesus Christ, as he dies, but the only response is the mockery of the bullets, the machine-guns and the Big Gun. The second soldier cries out to his parents, but the shrapnel-cloud titters at him as a fool. The third soldier moans to his beloved, but he can only kiss the mud, as the bayonets, the shells and the gas deride him. .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .postImageUrl , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:hover , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:visited , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:active { border:0!important; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:active , .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5 .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubd3bcd906b24a7dd1aae880d2ef937f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Deficiences in TS Eliot's poetry EssayExtensive use of onomatopoeia is made, linked to the personification of weaponry, in chirped, guffawed, spat, tittered and hissed. This downgrades the value of troops mercilessly sent off to war, leaving behind their families, friends and life. As well as criticizing the nature and reality of wars, The Send Off, condemns the fashion in which men were sent off to battle. The poem is about a shameful and sinister departure of soldiers from an English rural setting. Owen begins the poem with the image of soldiers happily singing down the close darkening lanes. The portrayal of darkening lanes gives a notion of pessimism and fear, eluding their journey is not as innocent as the cheerful singing it begins with. This ambiguity is captured in the phrase, grimly gay, as to describe the mens faces as seen in the train windows. The oxymoron ruthlessly closes the first stanza, indicating further uncertainty of the supposed adventure. Unlike the patriotic posters at the time, which showed women at home bravely urging their loved ones to war, Owen describes the place to be silent and secret, only dull porters Tarring hard at the British youths. A send-off Juxtaposes a glad occasion of departure and farewell, but there is nothing to celebrate about the destiny of these men: they will be either killed, lost or return broken and ashamed. These poems bring across poignant themes and images which remain in ones mind long after having read them. Owen claims his primary aim is not poetry, but to describe the full horrors of war and other aspects of human s uffering and ignorance. He has been successful.

Free Essays on On Star

Onstar is new way of feeling safe, it is like having a cell phone, once you have it you do not feel safe without it. That was the idea the corporate managers had when they first decided to equip their vehicles with a Global Positioning System. Onstar has many features but serves only one purpose, keeping people safe. Onstar was established in 1995 as a subsidiary of GM. GM seen how the market of cell phones had grown and thought that a market in GPS would one day be just as strong. The technology was first implemented in three 1997-model-year Cadillacs and started off with about 100,000 customers. By the year, 2000 that number had grown to 1 million. Onstar is becoming increasingly popular every day with every new commercial, promotion, and new vehicle equipped with Onstar. Onstar has revolutionized the GPS industry. Before Onstar only a few after market electronic devices were available and were not as user friendly or even come close to the features that are on the Onstar system. It is true a couple of cars were equipped with some type of GPS but were much too expensive for the average Joe to afford. In fact even today an average portable GPS device costs anywhere from $600 to over a $1000. With the Onstar system the equipment is already installed in the vehicle, the owner only pays $199 a year for the standard package and $399 for The Premium package. The Onstar GPS system tracks the vehicle by satellites flying over the earth at about 11,000 miles. The satellites circle the earth two times in a 24-hour period and are monitored by the main OnStar headquarters in Troy, Michigan. The satellite can determine how far away the vehicle is from each satellite by keeping track of the time it takes for a radio wave to travel from the satellite to the receiver. Amazingly, the Onstar system can pinpoint the location of the car as close as one to two meters. Once a signal is transmitted from your vehicle to the Onstar headquar... Free Essays on On Star Free Essays on On Star Onstar is new way of feeling safe, it is like having a cell phone, once you have it you do not feel safe without it. That was the idea the corporate managers had when they first decided to equip their vehicles with a Global Positioning System. Onstar has many features but serves only one purpose, keeping people safe. Onstar was established in 1995 as a subsidiary of GM. GM seen how the market of cell phones had grown and thought that a market in GPS would one day be just as strong. The technology was first implemented in three 1997-model-year Cadillacs and started off with about 100,000 customers. By the year, 2000 that number had grown to 1 million. Onstar is becoming increasingly popular every day with every new commercial, promotion, and new vehicle equipped with Onstar. Onstar has revolutionized the GPS industry. Before Onstar only a few after market electronic devices were available and were not as user friendly or even come close to the features that are on the Onstar system. It is true a couple of cars were equipped with some type of GPS but were much too expensive for the average Joe to afford. In fact even today an average portable GPS device costs anywhere from $600 to over a $1000. With the Onstar system the equipment is already installed in the vehicle, the owner only pays $199 a year for the standard package and $399 for The Premium package. The Onstar GPS system tracks the vehicle by satellites flying over the earth at about 11,000 miles. The satellites circle the earth two times in a 24-hour period and are monitored by the main OnStar headquarters in Troy, Michigan. The satellite can determine how far away the vehicle is from each satellite by keeping track of the time it takes for a radio wave to travel from the satellite to the receiver. Amazingly, the Onstar system can pinpoint the location of the car as close as one to two meters. Once a signal is transmitted from your vehicle to the Onstar headquar...

British Homes

There are 22 million places in Britain # 8212 ; large places and little places, old bungalows and new edifices, houses and flats. ( Americans say apartment but British people say level ) . Many British people love old houses and these are frequently more expensive than modern 1s. They besides love horticulture and you will see gardens everyplace you go: in towns, small towns and out in the state. Some are really little with merely one tree and a few flowers. Others are tremendous with plentifulness of flowers and adequate veggies and fruit trees. Two tierce of the households in Britain own their houses. Millions of these houses are the same with two or three sleeping rooms and a bathroom upstairs, dining room and kitchen downstairs. To pay for their house, place proprietors borrow money from a edifice society and pay back a small every month. There are a great many different sorts of places in Britain, but there are non plenty! It is frequently really hard for immature people to happen a place when they want to get down a household. British places are normally smaller than American places. But like Americans old people, immature households and single people do non normally live together. # 1046 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1042 ; # 1041 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1091 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; 22 # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 8212 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; , # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1079 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; , # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; ( # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1094 ; # 1099 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1072 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; à £Ãƒ «Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ ·Ãƒ  Ãƒ ­Ãƒ ¥ — à ªÃƒ ¢Ãƒ  Ãƒ °Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ °Ãƒ   ) . 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Questions: 1. How many places are at that place in Britain? 2. Two tierces of households own their ain houses, do nt they? 3. What do these households do to pay for houses? 4. Is it hard or easy for immature people to happen a place? 5. What can you state about British places? Vocabulary: proprietor # 8212 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1094 ; to borrow # 8212 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; tremendous # 8212 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ;

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing case study Essay

Tourism and Hospitality Marketing case study - Essay Example As a result, most of the entrepreneurs in this recent age desire to cope with the changing needs and requirements of the customers as well as marketing ideas. Nowadays, social media or online marketing is used for attaining the products and services of their choices. It is mainly due to the high craze for information technology within the target customers of the recent age. So, it is accepted as the most vital way of promoting any product or service of any organisation. Thus, from this it may be analysed that each and every generation or age group presents a unique style, experiences, values and demographics, thereby offering a high level of influence on the buying behaviours (Pires, 2006). In this regard, most of the companies of this age are targeting to approach multi-generational consumers so as to understand their behaviour and demands. Multi-generational or generational marketing acts as the practice of understanding the needs, style, values and behaviours of individuals within one or more than one particular group. This is done by the entrepreneurs or marketers to analyse the demands of the consumers, tailored according to their age groups. By doing so, a specific segment of customers is focused on by the organisation entirely based on the demographic and psychographic factors. As a result, the total sales of the organisation might be increased and result in amplification of its profitability and ROI in the long term. Concurrently, positioning of brands in the minds of the customers of an organisation might be effective. Consequently, the brand image and reputation might also be enhanced to a significant extent, which is extremely essential to sustain in the long run (Williams, 2006). Hence, due to these above mentioned advantages, the generational approach is adopted marketing in this recent age so as to remain competitive in the market among other rivals. At the same time, the level of reliability and trust within the minds of the customers also enhanc es, resulting in reduction of the switch-over rate. However, the generational approach to marketing comprises certain disadvantages as presented below. Always interested in the technologically advanced products or services The interest rate or demand for a particular product or service is extremely short term based Not at all loyal to the brands or the product lines of an organisation Switch-over rate is extremely high Highly influenced by word of mouth that is short-termed Highly influenced by friends’ or peers’ views and ideas Desires to experience innovative products and services of different organisations Therefore, due to all these disadvantages mentioned in the above paragraph, it may be inferred that the generational marketing approach is both advantageous and detrimental for an organisation in the long run (Cho & Woods, 2006). Answer 2 Sydney is the capital of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is one of the most populous cities within Australia. It is located on the south eastern coast of the Tasman Sea. Sydney comprised a population of approximately 4.6 million in 2010. Besides, the city of Sydney also experiences a pleasant climate with a mild winter and warm summer along with frequent rainfall throughout the year. For this reason, the city remains cool in the entire year presenting a very good atmosphere to the

Criminal Justice Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminal Justice Trends - Essay Example In the case of Arab-American communities right after the September 11 terrorist attack, one substantial implications of such incident led to understanding how the US law would treat the Arab-American communities especially within the context of US legal system. There were four important barriers to effective law enforcement, which were found to obstruct good relationship between US law enforcement and Arab-American community: distrust between Arab-American community and law enforcement, deficient cultural awareness, difficulty in language, and prevailing concerns regarding immigration status and deportation (Victor & Naughton, 2010). Robinson (2009) argues that there is no such thing as existence of criminal justice in the US due to inefficient, uncoordinated and lack of harmonious consensus effort among criminal justice agencies. Nonetheless, Robinson points out that there are prevailing efforts in the justice system to emancipate justice and ensure reduction of crime. However, base d on his arguments on this issue, it seems the US criminal justice system lacks grandeur especially in the achievement of its goals. The proof of this is tantamount to Robinson’s suggestion for alternative goals for the criminal justice system and one of them would be meeting limited interests through placing certain population segments under control. Furthermore, Robinson adds to his argument that the law in the US does not actually represent all Americans. One of his major point is this, legislators at the federal and state level could not actually stand as representative of Americans from the point of view of demographic terms. Second, at some point one could not consider voters to be representative of Americans by looking at it from demographic terms. Finally, he shows evidence that most people do not actually vote. Another argument he specifically points out just to argue that no such thing as criminal justice exists in the US is relevant to the invention of law itself. He argues that crimes do not exist not until they are invented by law makers. This means that there are still certain crimes that could exist without corresponding action from the criminal judicial system due lack of detailed law regarding them. One specific example of this is the continuing subjective concerns underlying organized crimes. Another point is the varying legal policies for certain crimes from state to state or based on demographic terms. Robinson also adds in his argument that there exists an undermining of due process values due to excessive support for crime control values. He cites the very case how the media stereotype crimes and criminal justice. His proof is the focus media have on most violent and random types of crimes in the US. Robinson also points out that police tend to be more biased against poor people and people of color. Robinson calls this as innocent bias. Robinson also presents statistical evidence showing that the plea dispersal could reach more tha n 90 percent of felony crimes, implying further that one could less likely expect a reasonable criminal trial in the US. Furthermore, Robinson includes the idea that one could actually associate

Differences in Competencies between ADN vs. BSN Essay Example for Free

Differences in Competencies between ADN vs. BSN Essay According to the society of Human Resources Management, competency means the knowledge and skills required to perform a job, which all contributes a positive outcome. Even though the competency among ADN and BSN are almost similar, there are slight variations based on the departments where the nurse work, such as management level of care and neonatal department. Good start of an introduction. Consider a topic sentence here that states: this paper will describe†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. An Associate Degree Nurse is one who completed the 2 year program or 3 year diploma this is not true, these 2 are different course by a school of nursing, community, or junior college. They demonstrate competencies in various aspect of patient care. ADNs are competent to perform assessment by collection of patient’s health history, including past medical and surgical history. They perform the physical assessment by gathering information, such as height and weight, vital signs, and head to foot assessment, including all body system. They are also competent to perform cognitive, psychosocial, spiritual, and functional level assessment. After assessing the patient, they find out the nursing diagnosis using their knowledge, skills, and experience. The ADN analyzes the patient’s condition using their age, cultural diversity, and risk factor. He/she then formulates and plans the care by prioritizing the patient’s need based on Maslow’s hierarchy needs, in which patient’s safety is the first importance. They formulate the plan of care by critical thinking, reflection, and problem solving skills. Before they implement the treatment regimen, they let the patient make health care choices by providing accurate and reliable information. The ADN are competent to delegate the patient care to other authorized health care personnel by giving relevant instructions and supervisions. They implement the treatment within his/her accepted professional nursing practice in a different clinical setting. They also make sure to give teaching about the treatment, which includes the effects and side effects of drugs and expected outcome. These all help the patient to alleviate their anxiety about the health status. Finally, they evaluate the outcome and effectiveness by reassessing and continuous monitoring. Moreover, ADNs provide physical competencies like gross and motor skills, strength, and mobility by moving and positioning the patient by using proper body mechanism. Their sensory perception provides a safe environment. They are competent in life saving practices, such as cardiac monitoring and airway management. They provide patient care by giving I.V, oral medications, blood transfusions and wound care. They demonstrate care and respectful behavior towards the patient, family, and other co-workers. Need to reference data within the text Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing is a 4 year bachelor program accredited by a college or university. A BSN has the same medicalbedside nursing skills of an ADN. He/she provides the same patient care by assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. They also have physical competencies and sensory perception. Apart from that, they do their clinical judgment by using their critical and analytic thinking, which they earned through researches and evidence based practices. They have sufficient emotional stability to be responsible and accountable during a highly stressful event. They know how to deal with unexpected and changing environment. They show interpersonal skills and communication skills by interacting positively with patient, family, and large communities both in verbal and written form. Their logical and analytic thinking in patient management will help them to acquire higher education. Moreover, they creatively respond to continuously changing health system. Good review of BSN competencies. Again, need to reference within the text. An ADN acquired knowledge and skills from years of experience in clinical practice. They work with patients in a relatively short time. However, a BSN has knowledge and skills based on their researches, evidence based practice, leadership, and management. Their skills help them to provide a better patient care in a short time period. For an ADN, the nursing is a job and have little commitment to the work. Without considering the long term results, they move from one job to another. However, BSN is a career, which is a life time dedication that requires development and on-going learning. They can function at high intellectual levels and carry a strong professional identity and follow code of ethics. They are more accountable, independent, and responsible. Nursing care and approaches to decision-making are different based upon the educational preparations. For example, we had a 50 year old patient in our floor that came with left hip fracture. The patient underwent an open reduction and internal fixation of left hip. After 4 hours of post anesthesia care, the patient came to the floor. The ADN, who is the primary care nurse, assesses the patient and carried out all post-op orders. The patient was drowsy and was on morphine PCA. After 2 hours, the patient suddenly woke-up with pain in the left hip. The ADN gave more pain medicine and monitored the respiratory status. All of a sudden patient complained of shortness of breath. The nurse found the patient’s oxygen saturation dropped to 82 percent. She stopped the PCA pump and put the patient on 2 liters of oxygen yet the patient was complaining about severe pain in her hip. Apparently, the patient continued to complained of chest pain and her oxygen level continued the same. The RN called the charge nurse, who is a BSN. She assessed the patient and went through the patient history. Suddenly, she called the rapid response team; meanwhile, she ordered a stat chest x-ray by thinking that patient had a pulmonary embolism and transferred the patient to ICU. Later, we came to know the patient had pulmonary embolism. In this situation, the RN gave the basic treatments according to the knowledge from her experience. On the other hand, the BSN treated the patient from her critical thinking and high level of knowledge, which saved the patient’s life. Good patient care scenario The ADN can handle the critical patient situation very minimally by using her basic knowledge, skills, and experience with the help of other person. However, the BSN can handle the same situation independently with his/her critical thinking. Different level nurses have different roles in a hospital, even though they have same preliminary education about providing forthe patient care. The job expectations, patient interactions and contact are different in perspective of the RN’s and BSN’s duty. Good conclusion . . References Catalano, J.T. (2003).Nursing now: Today’s issues, tomorrow’s trends. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Need to put title into italics Competencies and Performance Standards Essential for Nursing Practice.( 2011) St Louis University. Retrieved from http://www.slu.edu/x19905.xml Hollis, Forster, RN (2011) ADN vs. BSN Retrieved from need to include date of retrieval http://nursinglink.monster.com/education/articles/3842-adn-vs-bsn

The Future Of Human Evolution Essay -- essays research papers

The Future of Human Evolution Evolution, the science of how populations of living organisms change over time in response to their environment, is the central unifying theme in biology today. Evolution was first explored in its semi-modern form in Charles Darwin 's 1859 book, Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. In this book, Darwin laid out a strong argument for evolution. He postulated that all species have a common ancestor from which they are descended. As populations of species moved into new habitats and new parts of the world, they faced different environmental conditions. Over time, these populations accumulated modifications, or adaptations, that allowed them and their offspring to survive better in their new environments. These modifications were the key to the evolution of new species, and Darwin proposed natural selection or "survival of the fittest" as the vehicle by which that change occurs. Under Natural Selection, some individuals in a population have adaptations that allow them to survive and reproduce more than other individuals. These adaptations become more common in the population because of this higher reproductive success. Over time, the characteristics of the population as a whole can change, sometimes even resulting in the formation of a new species. Humans have survived for thousands of years and will most like survive thousands of more. Throughout the history of the Huminoid species man has evolved from Homo Erectus to what we today call Homo Sapiens, or what we know today as modern man.. The topic of this paper is what does the future have in store for the evolution of Homo Sapiens. Of course, human beings will continue to change culturally; therefore cultural evolution will always continue; but what of physiological evolution? The cultural evolution of man will continue as long as man can think; after all it's the ideas we think up that makes up our cultures. In a thousand years man might complete a 180 degree turn culturally (not to mention physiologically) and as seen by our fellow inhabitants of earth we would in essence be different beings. One can say that this new culture has chosen its ideas based on Natural Selection. One can see this in the spread of ideas in the past history of homo sapiens, the ideas which cause man to succeed are chosen such as science and demo... ...random genetic drift, but it may become homozygous for allele "A", whereas the first population has become homozygous for allele "a". As time goes on, isolated populations diverge from each other, each losing heterozygosity. The variation originally present within populations now appears as variation between populations (Suzuki 704). The evolution of man can be broken up into three basic stages. The first, lasting millions of years, slowly shaped human nature from Homo erectus to Home sapiens. Natural selection provided the means for countless random mutations resulting in the appearance of such human characteristics as hands and feet. The second stage, after the full development of the human body and mind, saw humans moving from wild foragers to an agriculture based society. Natural selection received a helping hand as man took advantage of random mutations in nature and bred more productive species of plants and animals. The most bountiful wheats were collected and re-planted, and the fastest horses were bred with equally faster horses. Even in our recent history the strongest black male slaves were mated with the hardest working female slaves.

Traditional and Alternative Health Care Practice

Traditional and Alternative Health Care Practice The tropical climate of the Philippines has made it possible for thousands of plants and vegetation to thrive more in lush forests. Many herbal plants have been tapped because of its efficacy against common ailments and the practice of the use of herbal plants as medicines have stretched as far as during pre-Spanish era, and are still being practiced until these modern times. The Department of Health (DOH) advocated the use of herbal plants as what is considered as form of primary health care and as an answer to the increasing cost of synthetic drugs in the market.These 10 DOH-approved herbal plants are found within the country and have been proven to treat common ailments, according to the thorough research done by National Science Development Board, and other government and private agencies and persons. Its importance in providing better health care was not overlooked. In 1992, The DOH, through former Health Secretary and Senator Jua n M. Flavier made a health program by virtue of Administrative Order No. 12. This program was known as the Traditional Medicine Program, with its main function of promoting and advocating the use of traditional medicine across the country.In 1994, the drafting of a traditional medicine law was initiated in order to institutionalize the program. Then by 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos saw the promising potential of traditional medicines both in the health of Filipinos and the economy and timely approved the Republic Act 8423, also known as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997. This law then, gave rise to the government owned and controlled corporation known as the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC).It is attached to the DOH in delivering safe, effective and affordable proper traditional and alternative (TAHC) health care products and services to the people. The 10 DOH-approved herbal plants are listed below, along with their uses, preparations and names in different places/dialects within the country. 1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) * Kamalan (Tag. ) * Limo-limo (Ilk. ) * Tugas (Ceb. ) * Dabtan (If. ) * Molave aso (Sul. ) * 5 leaveschaste tree (English) Lagundi is a shrub type of plant growing wild in vacant lots and waste land. Matured branches are planted. The flowers are blue and bell-shaped.The small fruits turn black when ripe. It is better to collect the leaves when are in bloom. Uses: * For asthma, cough and fever – boil raw fruits or leaves in 2 glasses of water for15 minutes until the water left in only 1 glass (decoction). Strain. Leaves should be chopped and the following dosages of the decoction are given according to age group: Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult4 tbsp. 6tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 2 tbsp. 3 tbsp. 2-6 yrs. 1 tbsp. 1 ? tbsp. * For dysentery, colds and pain in any part of the body as in influenza – boil a handful of leaves and flowers in water to produce a glass full of decoction an d drink it three times a day. For skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies ulcer, eczema) and wounds – prepare a decoction from handful of leaves. Wash and clean the skin/wound with the decoction. * For headache – crush leaves and may be applied on the forehead. * For rheumatism, sprain and contusions, insect bites – pound the leaves and apply on affected part. * For aromatic bath for sick patients – prepare leaf decoction for use in sick and newly delivered patients. 2. Yerba (Hierba) Buena (Mentha cordifelia) * Herba Buena (most dialects) * Hierba/Yerba Buena (Spanish) * Hilbas (Dav. , Ley. ) * Opiz Ablebana (If. ) * Malipuen (Als. ) Peppermint, mint (English) Yerba (Hierba) Buena is a small multi-branching aromatic herb. The leaves are small, elliptical and with toothed margin. The stem creeps to the ground and develops roots. It may be also propagated through cuttings. Uses: * For pain in different parts of the body as headache, stomach ache – boil c hopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leves Adult6 tbsp. 4 tbsp. 7-12 yrs.? tbsp. of adult dose Divide decoction into two parts and drink one part every three hours. * For rheumatism, arthiritis and headache – crush the fresh leaves and squeeze sap.Massage sap on painful parts with eucalyptus. * For cough and cold (serves as expectorant) – get about 10 fresh leaves and soak in a glass of hot water. Drink as tea. * For swollen gums – steep 6 g. of fresh plant in a glass of boiling water for 30 minutes. Use solution as gargle. * For toothache – cut fresh plant and squeeze sap. Soak a piece to cotton in the sap and insert this in aching tooth cavity. Mouth should be rinsed by gargling salt solution before inserting the cotton dipped with plant sap. To prepare salt solution: add 5 g. of table salt to one glass of water. For menstrual and gas pain – soak a handful of leaves in a glass of boiling water. Dr ink infusion. It induces menstrual flow and sweating. * For nausea and fainting – crush leaves and apply at nostrils of patients. * For insect bites – may be prepared in two ways: 1. Crush leaves and apply juice on affected part. 2. Pound leaves until paste-like. Rub this on affected part. * For pruritis – boil plant alone or with eucalyptus in water. Uses decoction as a wash on affected area. 3. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) * Alibhon Alimon (Vis. ) * Kambihon, Lakdanbulan (Vis. ) * Ayohan, Bulaklak, Ga buen, Kaliban (Tag. * Gintin-gintin, Haliban/Camphor (English) Sambong is a plant that reaches 1 ? to 3 meters in height with rough hairy leaves. Young plants around mother plant may be separated when they have three or more leaves. Uses: * For anti-edema, diuretic, and anti-urolithiasis – boil chopped leaves in a glass of water for 15 minutes until one glassful remains. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult4 tbsp. 6 tbsp. 7-12 yrs.? tbsp. of adu lt does Divide decoction into 3 parts. Drink one part 3 times a day. Note: Sambong is not a medicine for kidney infection. 4. Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa) Alibungog (Vis. ) * Kalabonog, Maragued (Ilk. ) * Kalimunog, Taglokot, Talibunog, Tsa (Tag. ) * Malatadian (Gad. ) Tsaang- Gubat is a shrub with a small, shiny nice-looking leaves that grows in wild uncultivated areas and forests. Mature stems are used for planting. Uses: * For diarrhea – boil the following amount of chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes or until amount of water goes down to 1 glass. Cool and strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult10 tbsp. 12 tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 5 tbsp. 6 tbsp. 2-6 yrs. 2 ? tbsp. 3 tbsp. Divide decoction into 4 parts. Let patient drink 1 part every 3 hours. For stomach ache – wash leaves and chop. Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes. Cool and filter/strain. Dried leavesFresh leaves Adult2 tbsp. 3 tbsp. 7-12 yrs. 1 tbsp. 1 ? tbsp. 5. Niyug-Niyogan (Quisqua lis indica L. ) * Balitadham, Pnones, Pinio, Bono (Bis. ) * Bawe-bawe (Pamp. ) * Kasumbal, Talolong (Bik. ) * Tartarau (Ilk. ) * Burma creeper, Chinese honey suckle (English) Niyug-Niyogan is a vine which bears tiny fruits and grows wild in backyards. The seed must come from mature, dried but newly opened fruits. It is propagated through stem cuttings about 20 cm. in height. Uses: For anti-helmintic purposes – used to expel roundworms which cause ascariasis. The seeds are taken 2 hours after supper. If no worms are expelled, the doses may be repeated after one week. Adults8-10 seeds 7-12 yrs. 6-7 seeds 6-8 yrs. 5-6 seeds 4-5 yrs. 4-5 seeds Caution: Not to be given to children below four years old. 6. Bayabas (Psidium guajava L. ) * Guyabas, Kalimbahin, Tayabas (Tag. ) * Bagabas (Ig. ) * Bayabo (Ibm. ) * Bayawas (Bik. , Pang. ) * Biabas (Sul. ) * Guyabas (Ilk. ) * Guava (English) Bayabas is a tree about 4-5 meters high with tiny white flowers with round or oval fruits that are eaten raw.It is propagated through seeds. Uses: * For washing wounds – may be used twice a day * For diarrhea – may be taken 3-4 days twice a day * For relief of toothache and as a gargle – warm decoction is used for gargle. Freshly pounded leaves are used for toothache. Guava leaves are to be washed well and chopped. Boil for 15 minutes at low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain before use. 7. Akapulco (Cassia alata L. ) * Bayabas-bayabasan, Kapurko, Kantada, Katandang Aso, Pakagonkon, Sonting (Tag. ) * Andadasi, Andadasi-a dakdakol, Andadasi-bugbugtong (Ilk. ) * Adadasi (Ting. ) * Ancharasi (Ig. * Andalan (Sul. ) * Bayabasin, Bikas-bikas (Bik. , Tag. , Bis. ) * Kasitas (bik. , Bis. ) * Snting, Palo china (Bis. ) * Pakayomkom Kastila (Pamp. ) * Ringworm bush or shrub (English) Uses: * For anti-fungal purposes (Tinea flava, ring worm, athlete’s foot and scabies) – fresh, mature leaves are pounded. Apply to the affected part 1-2 times a day. 8. Ulasimang Bato (Peperonia pellucida) * Pansit-pansitan (Tag. ) Ulasimang Bato is a weed with heart-shaped leaves that grow in shady parts of the garden and yard. Uses: * For lowering uric acid (rheumatism and gout) Preparation: Wash the leaves well.One and a half cup leaves are boiled in two glassfuls of water over low fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Divide into three parts and drink each part three times a day after meals. It may also be eaten as salad. Wash the leaves well. Prepare one and a half cups of leaves (not closely packed). Divide into three parts and take as salad three times a day. 9. Bawang (Allium sativum) * Ajos (Spanish, Bis. ) * Garlic (English) Uses: * For lowering of cholesterol levels in blood; for hypertension and toothache Preparation: may be fried, roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30 minutes, or blanched in boiled water for 5 minutes.Take two pieces three times a day after meals. Caution: Take on full stomach to prevent stomach and intestinal ulcers. * For toothache – pound a small piece and apply to affected part. 10. Ampalaya (Mamordica charantia) * Amargoso (Spanish, Ilonggo) * Margoso, Ampalaya (Tag. ) * Apalia (Pamp. ) * Agape (Ibn. ) * Apapet (Itn. ) * Palia (Bis. , Ban. , If. , Ilk. ) * Pubia (Sub. ) * Suligum (Sul. ) * Balsam Apple, Balsam Pear, Bitter Gourd (English) Uses: * For those with Diabetes Mellitus (Mild non-insulin dependent) Preparation: Gather and wash young leaves very well. Chop.Boil 6 tablespoons of chopped leaves in two glassful of water for 15 minutes under slow fire. Do not cover pot. Cool and strain. Take one third cup 3 times a day after meals. Note: Young leaves may be blanched or steamed and eaten 1/2 glassful 2 times a day. REMINDERS ON THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINE 1. Avoid the use of insecticides as these may leave poison on plants. This may be hazardous to consume and may cause poisoning that may lead to death. 2. In the preparation of herbal medicine, use a clay pot and remove cover while boiling at low heat. 3. Use only the part of the plant being advocated.Use of the parts not indicated may affect the potency of the herbal medicine, making it less effective or not effective at all when consumed. 4. Follow accurate dose of suggested preparation. Proper amount and timing of dosage is critical in achieving the expected results. Not following those can be detrimental to one’s health and recovery. 5. Use only one kind of herbal plant for each type of symptoms or sickness. 6. Stop giving the herbal medication in case untoward reaction such as allergy occurs. 7. If signs and symptoms are not relieved after 2 or 3 doses of herbal medication, consult a doctor.

Poisonwood Bible Essay

Adah’s Development In Barbara Kingsolver’s novel The Poisonwood Bible, the Price family, Nathan and Orleanna Price and their four daughters, travel to the Congo to convert the locals to Christianity. Kingsolver constructs a multi-voice narrative and in doing so Kingsolver constructs five different personalities: Orleanna Price, Rachel Price, Leah Price, Adah Price, and Ruth May Price. As the novel progresses, each of the characters experiences a dramatic change throughout the book and through the use of textual evidence and deep analysis of the diction and rhetoric used for the character Adah Price; leading us to discover how she transforms in the novel and what this variation is exactly. Adah, who is a cripple since birth, has never been able to move the left side of her body and is psychologically a mute. This enables her to see the world from a different perspective and strangely views things backwards. She believes that her life has no value to her or anyone else. Adah has a twin sister Leah who is perfectly normal and Adah carries a lot of hatred toward Leah because it’s her fault that she is handicapped. Oh, I can easily imagine the fetal mishap: we were inside he womb together dum-de-dum when Leah suddenly turned and declared, Adah you are Just too slow. I am taking all the nourishment here and going on ahead. She grew strong as I grew weak. And so it came to pass†¦ ‘ was cannibalized by my sister† (Kingsolver 34). This view held by Adah comes into play many times in the novel and even Leah can tell that here is some hostility between them. Young Adah also has this fascinating plan. She is believed to be mute because of what doctors had told her parents, but in fact she is very intelligent and she insists on not talking in order to simplify her life and act more as an observer rather than a doer. Her naturally detail-oriented nature is well illustrated by the diction and tone she uses. â€Å"†¦ the women working their field will stand up one after another, unwrap the pagne of bright cloth stretch it out wide before retying it. They resemble flocks of butterflies opening and closing their wings† (Kingsolver 137). The initial observation of the way these women work the field is unlike the other girls who merely comment that the women pound the manioc. Adah observes and analyzes the women in a factual manner and yet that last sentence reveals more about her character. She oes from making a remark that almost scientifically evaluates the women’s movements to making a statement that brings an artistic form of examining the actions and uses powerful imagery for the reader to associate with. However, Adah does not stay like this throughout the whole novel. She experiences an event that shifts her character in such a way that although it does not have an immediate impact, it changes her completely in the long run. â€Å"Live was I ere I saw evil† (Kingsolver 305). On the frightful night when Kilanga, the village were the Price family was living, was swarmed by a massive group of ants known as Nsongonya Adah was left behind. She woke to the sound of screams and felt ants all over her. Her mother ran into the room, baby Ruth May bundled in her arms. Adah, for the first time perhaps pleaded for help. â€Å"Help me† (Kingsolver 305). Orleanna stared at her crippled daughter and turned away. This was a huge turning point for the young girl. In the simple plea alone, the way Kingsolver phrased it â€Å"l [Adan] spoke out loud, tn only time: help me† (Kingsolver 305), one could see that this was a simple phrase; not shouted or screamed, simply stated. When Adah’s plea was not answered she was left dumbstruck and proceeded to fght for her life. Although Adah originally believed that everyone found her life to be of no value she was still horror struck when her mother did not come to her aid, but she still decided to save herself because she realized her own self-worth. No longer was she an idle observer, she became a doer. If her mother would not save her, then Adah would do it on her own because she knew her life was worth saving. This fateful night carries on into the rest of her days, perhaps not immediately, but it does affect her character in the end. When Adah finally returns to the US with her mother, Orleanna, she has almost completely ndergone her transformation. The Journey from Africa alone had left a great mark on Adah because of her mother’s tenacity to bring her daughter home safe and sound. Adah was astounded by her mother’s ferocious protection of her. When they finally do get home however, Adah immediately applies to Emory University and studies the medical sciences which she takes up as her religion. However, much has changed. Adah finds that without anyone to speak for her she must get used to speaking rather than observing and is shocked at first by the sound of her voice, but this is not the greatest change. The most dramatic alteration is one that she only picks up on for a moment in the final part. She states that she has â€Å"†¦ always†¦ sacrificed life and limb and half a brain to save the other half† (Kingsolver 410). Adah finds it unusual to now owe her mother something when her own life has been a constant struggle. â€Å"My habit is to drag myself imperiously through a world that owes me unpayable debts. I have long relied on the comforts of martyrdom† (Kingsolver 410). The very tone of this phrase represents beautifully the realization that has struck Adah like a lightning bolt in this moment. The word â€Å"imperiously’ gives the reader perfect imagery of a disgruntled and displeased Adah who hates the world and yet that second sentence reveals something else. She has come to know what it feels like to owe someone an unpayable debt and that her whole life has been driven from this one disability. The words â€Å"comfort† and â€Å"martyrdom† are so opposite that they balance out the sentence and give the reader an understanding of how Adah felt about her handicap. What is even greater is the physical transformation that follows this mental one. Adah meets a neurologist who informs her that he can help er overcome her limp. This intrigues her and after several months Adah no longer has to bear her physical disability. She is at first amazed that this cross she has born all these years could somehow be taken care of like that. However, as she progresses through the novel she finds that this recovery is balanced out by the inability to see words and phrases backwards and in a completely different perspective like she used too. At times she â€Å"†¦ limps purposefully around [her] apartment†¦ trying to recover [her] old ways of seeing and thinking† (Kingsolver 492). This sentence shows ow she still longs for the days when she was different and had something to wield against the world. The imagery provided allows the reader to vividly imagine Adah trying with all her might to limp and be as she once was, but away from the public eye. She continues to live as the recovered individual that she is now and only seems to regret the loss of an edge that she once held. Adah’s transformation in the novel was one ot a seemingly helpless child into a tully tunctioning adult who nad experienced things that no one in her community could top. She realized a self worth that she did not possess at the beginning of the novel. Adah Price was a cripple. Adah Price is a cripple. The genius girl that went to the Congo is not the same one that returned and lived the rest of her life in the US. She no longer has a physical handicap that got her mocked and looked down upon, but she does not have that special outlook on the world either. Adah now knows people whom she can work with and share time with because she will talk now, but she owes her mother an unsettled debt, that may never be resolved in her heart and mind. Adah has changed for better or worse is uncertain. In the end experiences add up and the results always balance each other out.

Free Essays on Positive Aspects Of Capital Punishment

â€Å"Not the physical act, but the social meaning of murder distinguishes robbery from taxation, murder from execution, a gift from theft† (Leone 233). This quote defines the exact reason why capital punishment is an ethical form of justice. Although capital punishment may seem like an unfair form of justice, it is actually the most logical way to punish criminals who commit the most serious of serious offenses. It serves as an effective deterrent and provides an excellent form of retribution. If used in the right way, capital punishment would be more cost efficient and effective than life in prison. Capital punishment has been in use in the United States since the beginning of its history. Among the first to be put to death from crimes in the colonies were the so-called witches. The best known was the Salem Witch Trials, where a total of twenty witches had been sentenced to die by the time the trials were over. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there wa s much discussion over capital punishment. In the eighteenth century several hundred offenses were punishable by death, but in the late 1880’s the government restricted the number of crimes punishable bye death to three: treason, murder and rape. Between 1880 and 1917 there was much flip-flopping in many states over capital punishment. From 1977 to 1995there have been 300 executions in the United States. As of 1995 only twelve states did not have the death penalty. These days the argument is over the electric chair, and whether or not it is constitutional. Just recently the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Bryan Stevenson said: â€Å"This will continue to be an issue that plagues the administration in capital cases until the method of execution has changed† (â€Å"High Court†). Even the nations of the world have had the death penalty for long periods of time, even if they are abolished today. Ninety-six nations currently enforce the death penalty or have c arri... Free Essays on Positive Aspects Of Capital Punishment Free Essays on Positive Aspects Of Capital Punishment â€Å"Not the physical act, but the social meaning of murder distinguishes robbery from taxation, murder from execution, a gift from theft† (Leone 233). This quote defines the exact reason why capital punishment is an ethical form of justice. Although capital punishment may seem like an unfair form of justice, it is actually the most logical way to punish criminals who commit the most serious of serious offenses. It serves as an effective deterrent and provides an excellent form of retribution. If used in the right way, capital punishment would be more cost efficient and effective than life in prison. Capital punishment has been in use in the United States since the beginning of its history. Among the first to be put to death from crimes in the colonies were the so-called witches. The best known was the Salem Witch Trials, where a total of twenty witches had been sentenced to die by the time the trials were over. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries there wa s much discussion over capital punishment. In the eighteenth century several hundred offenses were punishable by death, but in the late 1880’s the government restricted the number of crimes punishable bye death to three: treason, murder and rape. Between 1880 and 1917 there was much flip-flopping in many states over capital punishment. From 1977 to 1995there have been 300 executions in the United States. As of 1995 only twelve states did not have the death penalty. These days the argument is over the electric chair, and whether or not it is constitutional. Just recently the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Bryan Stevenson said: â€Å"This will continue to be an issue that plagues the administration in capital cases until the method of execution has changed† (â€Å"High Court†). Even the nations of the world have had the death penalty for long periods of time, even if they are abolished today. Ninety-six nations currently enforce the death penalty or have c arri...

Diversity Action Plan for Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity Action Plan for Microsoft - Essay Example This is, in a way, a stand against racism and prejudice. Now, why might organizations implement this Just like every other action, this has good characteristics as well as bad ones. First of all, the biggest benefit to any organization of hiring employees from different races and ethnicities is that it creates a good impression in the minds of socialists, shareholders, the public and all other stake holders. For Microsoft, this will be especially important because multinational companies such as itself gain additional profits and other non monetary benefits such as good will only by creating a noble image in the minds of their stakeholders. Secondly, diversity leads to a greater pool of ideas. When people come from different backgrounds, they tend to think differently in terms of logic as well as innovation. For a software house such as Microsoft, it is very important to hire people who can come up with more than one way of creating software or going about a project. In other words, it helps to solve problems in more than one way. This could probably even make problem-solving easier. This then saves time and when employees save time in deciding how to solve something, they utilize the rest in producing more. This leads to an increase in productivity. Higher productivity, ultimately, generates profits for firms. A diverse workforce can understand and meet customer requirements better as the client-base is likely to be diverse also in a country like the US. This is especially true for an organization like Microsoft whose customer base is massive. Lastly, diversity helps to reduce lawsuits and increases marketing opportunities and creativity (Esty, et al., 1995). Challenges The biggest problem that diversity presents to organizations is that it causes communication problems. This happens because people come from different backgrounds. They have different accents, different ways of thinking, different ways of perceiving things, and different ways of understanding. Therefore, this causes intra- and inter-team communication barriers. Either 'diverse' employees have problems understanding the communicator, or they have problems making themselves heard. Even feedback problems are likely to occur. Some may think that having a number of ways of solving a problem is good. It leads to saving time and maybe even increased productivity. Alternatively, other might say that having too many ways of solving one problem may lead to confusion. It becomes more difficult to judge what would be a better option. Also, it gives rise to disagreements between different individuals, especially more when they are of different mores. This causes frustration amongst team members and other colleagues which further leads to a hostile and an uncomfortable environment. This could even be the cause of de-motivation of employees. There is likely to be plenty of communication problems within different groups or between individuals as it is. A difficult-to-work-in environment further leads to more communication problems. Also, cultural biases are spawned when trying to change the corporate culture. If such biases and behavior grow in frequency and intensity it can result in legal charges of discrimination, in its most serious form (Thomas, 1997). Finally, when an organization employs a diverse workforce, it becomes important to acknowledge their needs and earlier unrecognized

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

History - Essay Example This changed Ida’s destiny, since she was able to attend university unlike other children born to slaves. Ida had several memories of slavery and during her adulthood, she made a vow to fight for racial justice. Among the racial and gender stereotypes that Ida was challenging discrimination of blacks by whites, the killings of blacks by whites, rapes of Negro girls and women by white men, stereotyping upon black men as rapists, and economic destruction of blacks by whites. During the periods of post-reconstruction and post-emancipation, racial categories in America were on the rise and this promoted more lynching crimes. Wells first encounter with racial discrimination happened when she boarded a train, but was forced out of the train for sitting in the section meant for whites. Despite suing the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad company, she lost her case against the train company, the main reason being the fact that she was black. According to Waldrep, â€Å"in 1887, the crusadi ng journalist Ida B. Wells lost faith in the law when the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled against her suit against a train company that had forced her from the white section of its train† (52). All along, Wells had believed that the law would be impartial in its ruling, but like other black leaders she generated doubts on whether the law and constitutionalism could sufficiently fight white oppression. During the 19th century, lynching of blacks by whites was a common occurrence. Wells had however not faced any lynching incident although she knew that the crime existed. She began her campaign against lynching five years after the train incident, when a quarrel between blacks and whites broke out at a neighborhood in Memphis. The reason for the quarrel was the opening up of a grocery store meant to provide the black population with cheap groceries by three black men namely; Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell, and Thomas Moss, who were friends to Wells. The grocery store belonging to t he three black men was located across a grocery store owned by whites and the fact that the black men had decided to sell their groceries at a price they perceived fair to the black community angered the whites. Both communities knowing of the intentions of each other organized mobs, so when the white community went to the store to attack the owners, the three owners and the entire black mob was ready. The three white men that invaded the store were shot by the owners and this led to the arrest of the three black men. According to Wells, â€Å"the three business partners were jailed and charged with wounding white men , despite their doing so in what they had thought was defense of their property† (3). The arrest and subsequent actions towards the three black men were supposed to follow the law, but this did not happen. White newspapers emphasized the issue of the blacks being wrong, and at no instance did they mention the intentions of the white mob for invading the grocery store owned by blacks. Asante asserts that the newspapers elevated â€Å"white anger and gave rise to the formation of another white mob, this time outside the jail where the three blacks were being held and resulting in their murder† (164). This and many other similar incidents are evidence of lynching against blacks and economic destruction of blacks by whites in the 19th century, aimed at keeping the black race down by eliminating any blacks who seemed to have the potential of being economically successful. This is supported by

The Importance of Ensuring that Every American Has Access to Health Ca Essay

The Importance of Ensuring that Every American Has Access to Health Care They Can Afford - Essay Example The issue of health coverage for Americans has been around for many years. Attempts to enact a health system that would provide universal health for all have been made throughout the 20th century but without success (Quadagno p.g 201). For many years, economic factors have precluded the poor’s access to quality health insurance, and even either classes have been struggling with the costs. One of the significant steps forward in the health issue was made recently when the government passed the health mandate that intended to cover majority Americans. With this even, America edges close to the ultimate goal of universal health insurance. The effects of poor insurance systems transcend health issues and spill over to social and economic effects. This paper aims at highlighting the importance of ensuring that every American has access to health care they can afford. In the declaration of independence, it is stated categorically that all Americans have the right to survive. Without access to medical care they can afford, this right is turned in to privilege with only the wealthy getting the best while the other classes have to do with little or nothing in the way of health care. The high cost of insurance by many people epitomizes the lurid inequality and abuse of this right. Still, on legal matters, the general constitution’s preamble dictates that its purpose is to protect the welfare of the American people and their health is an integral part of their welfare. As such every America does not only need but deserves affordable and quality health care ergo insurance by mere virtue of being an American citizen. Furthermore, as a citizen in a country that is a signatory to the UN, health care is a human right, and as such, no factors financial or otherwise should come between them and quality health care. Considering that most Americans depend on insurance. However, for those who do not have access to insurance include those who simply cannot afford it an d those whose companies cannot cover them due to their inability to pay their premiums.

Public international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public international law - Essay Example Part 1: Background on the Dispute In 1858, Costa Rica and Nicaragua ratified a Treaty of Limits granting Nicaragua sovereign jurisdiction over a 140 km stretch of the San Juan River, and Costa Rica sovereign rights over its right bank, as well as certain ,navigational rights, "con objetos de comercio."2 An 1888 arbitral award rendered by United States President Grover Cleveland affirmed the Treaty's continuing validity3 and upheld Costa Rica's right to navigate the river with revenue service vessels, but not war vessels.3. In 1916, the Central American Court of Justice held that Nicaragua breached the 1858 Treaty by signing the Chamorro-Bryan Treaty of 1914, granting the United States "exclusive proprietary rights" for the construction and maintenance of an inter-oceanic canal through the river. Excluding a 1956 Agreement on river traffic and protection of the border, no events of significance to the treaty regime occurred for almost seventy years. Starting in the 1980s, Costa Rica p rotested Nicaragua's introduction of new restrictions on navigation, while Nicaragua alleged Costa Rica was exceeding its right of free navigation under the 1858 Treaty. Tensions mounted. On September 29, 2005, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua at the ICJ claiming that Nicaragua was in breach of its obligations under the 1858 Treaty. Nicaragua raised no objections to the Court's jurisdiction. Costa Rica sought an order declaring Nicaragua in breach, and requiring Nicaragua to cease unlawful conduct, make reparation, and give assurances of non-repetition. Nicaragua denied breaching any obligations, asserted that any obligations allegedly breached did not derive from any international law rule, and sought a number of rulings on its power to regulate Costa Rica's navigational rights. Part 2: Summary of the Judgment The July 13, 2009 Judgment provides concrete guidance on the extent of Costa Rica's right to free navigation, defines the scope of Nicaragua's power to reg ulate Costa Rica's right, and identifies a customary right of Costa Rican riparians to engage in subsistence fishing. Specifically, the Court held that Costa Rica has a treaty right to free navigation "for the purposes of commerce," including the transport of passengers and tourists, and that Nicaragua cannot impose visa or tourist card requirements on passengers of Costa Rican vessels. Also, the Court concluded that Costa Rican riparians have the right to navigate between their communities to meet everyday essential needs, as do Costa Rican official vessels used solely to provide essential services to riparian communities. Costa Rica does not have the right, however, to navigate with vessels carrying out police functions, to exchange police border post personnel, or to resupply posts. The Court ruled that Nicaragua has the right to require Costa Rican vessels to stop at the first and last Nicaraguan posts on their route; require river travelers to carry an identity document; issue, but not charge for, departure certificates; impose navigation timetables; and require vessels to display the Nicaraguan flag. Part 3: The Judgement 1. On 29 September 2005 the Republic of Costa Rica filed in the Registry of the Court an Application of the same date,